Modal Auxiliaries

Menyatakan preferensi : Prefer, Like…, Better, Would Rather

a. I prefer apples to orange. b. I prefer watching TV to studying.	prefer + NOUN + to +NOUN prefer + -ING VERB + to + -ING VERB
c. I like apples better than oranges. d. I like watching TV better than studying.	like + NOUN + better than + NOUN like + -ING VERB + better than + -ING VERB
e. Ann would rather have an apple than (have) an orange. f. I’d rather visit a big city than live there.	In (e) and (f) : would rather and than are followed immediately by the simple form a verb (e.g., have, visit, live).*
g. I’d / You’d / She’d / He’d / We’d / They’d rather have an apple.	Contraction of would = ‘d
h. Would you rather have an apple or an orange?	In (h) : In a polite question, would rather can be followed by or offer someone a choice.

* INCORRECT : Ann would rather has an apple.

INCORRECT : I’d rather visit a big city than to live there.

INCORRECT : I’d rather visit a big city than living there.

Pertanyaan Yes / No dan Jawaban Singkat

YES / NO QUESTIONS	SHORT ANSWER (+LONG ANSWER)	A yes/no question is a question that can be answered by “yes” or “no” (or their equivalents, such as “yeah” or “nah,” and “uh uh” or “huh uh”).
a. Do you know Jim Smith?	Yes, I do. (I know Jim Smith.) No, I don’t. (I don’t know Jim Smith.)
b. Did it rain last night?	Yes, it did. (It rained last night.) No, it didn’t. (It didn’t rain last night.)
c. Are you studying English?	Yes, I am. * (I’m studying English.) No, I‘m not. (I’m mot studying English.)
d. Was Ann in class?	Yes, she was. (Ann was in class.) No, she wasn’t. (Ann wasn’t in class.)
e. Will Rob be here soon?	Yes, he will. *(Rob will be here soon.) No, he won’t . (Rob won’t be here soon.)
f. Can you swim?	Yes, I can. (I can swim.) No, I can’t. (I can’t swim.)

*NOTE : in an affirmative answer (yes), a helping verb is not contracted with the subject.
            In (c) : CORRECT : Yes, I am. (the spoken emphasis is on am.)
                        INCORRECT : Yes, I’m.
            In (e) : CORRECT : Yes, he will. (the spoken emphasis is on will.)
                        INCORRECT : Yes, he’ll.

Menggunakan Who, Who(m), dan What

QUESTION	ANSWER	In (a) : Who is used as the subjects (S) of a question. In (b) : Who(m) is used as the object (O) in a question. Whom is used in formal English. In everyday spoken English, who is usually used instead of whom : FORMAL : Whom did you see? INFORMAL : Who did you see?
S Who came?            O Who(m) did you see?	S Someone came. S            O I saw someone.
S What happened? O                   S What did you see?	S Something happened. S              O I saw something.	What can be used as either the subject or object in a question. Notice in (a) and (c) : When who or what is used as the subject of a question, usual question word order is not used; no form of do is used. CORRECT : Who came? INCORRECT : Who did come